This is a bibliography accreted over years for many reasons. It is not and never will be complete.

Paul Brna
Computing Department
Lancaster

Science Education

Abelson, H. and diSessa, A. (1976).
A student science training program in math, physics and computer science: Final report to the NSF. LOGO Memo 26, MIT.
Abelson, H., diSessa, A. and Rudolph, L. (1975).
Velocity space and the geometry of planetary orbits. American Journal of Physics, 43(7):579-589.
Archenhold, W.F. (1975).
A study of the understanding by sixth form students of the concept of potential in physics. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, University of Leeds.
Archenhold, W.F., Driver, R., Orton, A. and Wood-Robinson, C. (1980).
Cognitive Development Research in Science and Mathematics. University of Leeds, Leeds.
Arons, A. B. (1976).
Cultivating the capacity for formal reasoning; objectives and procedures in an introductory physics course. American Journal of Physics, 44(9):834-838.
Arons, A.B. (1977).
The Various Language. Oxford University Press, New York.
Arons, A.B. (1979).
Cognitive level of college physics students. American Journal of Physics, 47(7):650-651.
Arons, A. B. (1982).
Phenomenology and logical reasoning in introductory physics courses. American Journal of Physics, 50(1):13-20.
Arons, A., Bork, A., Kurtz, B.L. and Collea, F., (1981).
Science literacy in the public library - batteries and bulbs. National Educational Computing Conference.
Beare, R. (1992).
Software tools in science classrooms. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 8:221-230.
Beeson, G.W. (1977).
Hierarchical learning in electrical science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 14:117-128.
Bell, B.F. (1981).
What is a plant? some children's ideas. New Zealand Science Teacher, 31:10-14.
Black, D. (1987).
Can pupils use taught analogies for electric current? School Science Review, 69(247):249-254.
Bleaney, B.L. and Bleaney, B. (1957).
Electricity and Magnetism. Oxford University Press.
Bliss, J. and Ogborn, J. (1979).
The analysis of qualitative data. European Journal of Science Education, 1(4):427-440.
Bliss, J., Ogborn, J., Boohan, R., Briggs, J., Brosnan, T., Brough, D., Mellar, ., Millar, R., Nash, C., Rodgers, C. and Sakonides, B. (1992).
Reasoning supported by computational tools. Computers & Education, 18:1-9.
Blondin, C. (1993).
From psychological data in hydrodynamics to a modelization. In Proceedings of the NATO Workshop on Learning Electricity or Electronics with Advanced Educational Technology. Springer-Verlag.
Bloomer, J. (1976).
TRICIT -an electrical circuit game. teacher's guide. Technical Note 58, IBM Scientific Centre, Peterlee.
Bonnaire, R., Perrin, H., Paget, M-M.P. and Urtasun, M. (1993).
From ideality to reality in the teaching of electronics through computer simulated experiments. In Proceedings of the NATO Workshop on Learning Electricity or Electronics with Advanced Educational Technology. Springer-Verlag.
Boohan, R. (1992).
DIAG: A program to diagnose students' conceptual models in science. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 8:206-220.
Boohan, R. (1993).
Using computer-based questionnaires to diagnose students' models of electricity. In Proceedings of the NATO Workshop on Learning Electricity or Electronics with Advanced Educational Technology. Springer-Verlag.
Bork, A. (1978).
Computers as an aid to increasing physical intuition. American Journal of Physics, 46(8):796-799.
Bork, A. (1979).
Interactive learning: Millikan lecture, american association of physics teachers, london, ontario, june, 1978. American Journal of Physics, 47(1):5-10.
Bork, A. (1980).
Computers in Teaching Physics. Conduit, Iowa City.
Bork, A., Franklin, S., Von Blum, R., Trowbridge, D. and Kurtz, B.L., (1982). Science literacy in the public library.
Paper, Association of Educational Data Systems.
Boulanger, F.D. (1976).
The effects of training in the proportional reasoning associated with the concept of speed. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 13(2):145-154.
Boyle, C.F., Dykstra, D.I. and Monarch, I. (1990).
Using knowledge representation to study conceptual change in students for teaching physics. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pages 788-795. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey.
Brna, P. and Howe, J. (1993).
Learning Electricity and Electronics with Advanced Educational Technology, volume 115 of NATO ASI Series F, chapter Automated Diagnosis of Misconceptions about Electricity: What are the Prospects?, pages 229-249. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Brna, P. (1982a).
ROCKET and Dynamics. Working Paper 130, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1982b).
The super turtle as an introduction to the control of machines. Working Paper 128, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1983a).
Engineering science and dynamics. Working Paper 141, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1983b).
Learning about electrical circuits via a computer. Working Paper 131, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1987a).
Confronting dynamics misconceptions. Research Paper 356, Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1987b).
Confronting dynamics misconceptions. Instructional Science, 16:351-379.
Brna, P. (1987c).
Confronting misconceptions in the domain of simple electrical circuits. Research Paper 352, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1987d).
Confronting science misconceptions: A computer-based methodology.
Brna, P. (1987e).
Confronting Science Misconceptions with the Help of a Computer. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1987f).
A methodology for confronting science misconceptions. Research Paper 353, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1987g).
The underlying misconception description level. Blue Book Note 395, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1988a).
Confronting misconceptions in the domain of simple electrical circuits. Instructional Science, 17:29-55.
Brna, P. (1988b).
Confronting science misconceptions: A computer-based methodology. In Lovis, F., (ed.), Proceedings of the IFIP TC 3 European Conference on Computers in Education - ECCE'88, pages 359-364. IFIP.
Brna, P. (1988c). Learning through microworlds.
Occasional Paper ITE/26/88, ESRC Information Technology and Education Programme.
Brna, P. (1989a).
Programmed rockets: An analysis of students' strategies. British Journal of Educational Technology, 20(1):27-40.
Brna, P. (June 1990).
A computer-based methodology to aid in confronting science misconceptions. Computer Education, (65):11-13.
Brna, P. (1990b).
Issues relating to the circuit animator. Working Paper, Dept of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1990c).
A methodology for confronting science misconceptions. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 6(2):157-182.
Brna, P. (1990d).
An outline design for a system to explore the automated recognition of misconceptions. Working Paper, Dept of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1990e).
Representing circuit construction tasks. Working Paper, Dept of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1991a).
A framework for describing misconceptions in relation to building simple electrical circuits. Working Paper, Dept of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1991b).
Promoting creative confrontations. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 7(2):114-122.
Brna, P. (1991c).
Recognising objects in electrical circuits. Working Paper, Dept of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1991d).
The structural description of electrical objects. Working Paper, Dept of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1992a).
Experiments in circuit construction: Do students reason with, and about processes? Working Paper, Dept of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1992b).
Guiding and supporting the exploration of circuits. Working Paper, Dept of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1992c).
How do beliefs affect the construction of electrical circuits? Working Paper, Dept of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1992d).
The specification of objects, processes and concepts. Working Paper, Dept of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Brna, P. (1995b).
Guiding and supporting the exploration of circuits.
Bullock, B. (1979).
The use of models to teach elementary physics. Physics Education, 14:312-317.
Cawthorn, E.R. and Rowell, J.A. (1978).
Epistemology and science education. Studies in Science Education, 5:31-59.
Chalmers, A.F. (1975).
Maxwell and the displacement current. Physics Education, 10:45-49.
Closset, J-L. (1993).
Reasoning about electricity and water circuits: Teaching consequences in electricity. In Proceedings of the NATO Workshop on Learning Electricity or Electronics with Advanced Educational Technology. Springer-Verlag.
Cohen, H.D., Hillman, D.F. and Agne, R.M. (1978).
Cognitive level and college physics achievement. American Journal of Physics, 46(10):1026-1029.
Cohen, R., Eylon, B. and Ganiel, U. (1983).
Potential difference and current in simple electrical circuits: A study of students' concepts. American Journal of Physics, 51(5):407-412.
Davies, B. (1978).
Mathematical models in oscillation theory. Physics Education, 13:282-286.
Dorn, W.S. (1975).
Simulations versus models: Which one and when? Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 12(4):371-377.
Dowsey, M. (1977).
Computer simulation of laboratory experiments. In Megarry, J., (ed.), Aspects of Simulation and Gaming. Kogan Paul, London.
Ellington, H.I., Addinall, E. and Percival, F. (1981).
Games and Simulations in Science Education. Kogan Page, London.
Evans, J. (1978).
Teaching electricity with batteries and bulbs. Physics Teacher, 16:15-22.
Ferguson-Hessler, M.G.M. and de Jong, T. (1987).
On the quality of knowledge in the field of electricity and magnetism. American Journal of Physics, 55(6):492-497.
Franklin, A. (1979).
Galileo and the leaning tower: An Aristotelian interpretation. Physics Education, 14:60-63.
Fraser, A. and Gilchrist, I. (1985).
Starting Science, volume Book 1. Oxford University Press.
Frederiksen, J.R. and White, B.Y. (1993).
Conceptual models for understanding electrical circuits. In Proceedings of the NATO Workshop on Learning Electricity or Electronics with Advanced Educational Technology. Springer-Verlag.
Fredette, N. and Lockhead, J. (1980).
Student conceptions of simple circuits. Physics Teacher, 18:194-198.
Gee, B. (1978).
Models as a pedagogical tool: Can we learn from Maxwell? Physics Education, 13:287-291.
Giere, R.N. (1988).
Explaining Science: A Cognitive Approach. The University of Chicago Press.
Gilbert, J.K. and Osborne, R.J. (1980).
The use of models in science and science teaching. European Journal of Science Education, 2(1):3-13.
Gilbert, J.K. and Zylbersztajn, A. (1985).
A conceptual framework for science education: The case study of force and movement. European Journal of Science Education, 7(2):107-120.
Hanson, N.R. (1971).
Observation and Explanation. George Allen and Unwin.
Harre, R. (1972).
The Philosophies of Science. Oxford University Press.
Harre, R. (1978).
Models in science. Physics Education, 13:275-278.
Haertel, H. (1982).
The electric circuit as a system: A new approach. European Journal of Science Education, 4(1):45-55.
Haertel, H. (1987).
A qualitative approach to electricity. Report IRL87-0001, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.
Haertel, H. (1993).
New approach to introduce basic concepts in electricity. In Proceedings of the NATO Workshop on Learning Electricity or Electronics with Advanced Educational Technology. Springer-Verlag.
Hempel, C. (1965).
Aspects of Scientific Explanations and Other Essays in the Philosophy of Science. Free Press, New York.
Heppell, S. (March 1987).
Sophisticated STELLA. Educational Computing, pages 8-9.
Hesse, M.B. (1966).
Models and Analogies in Science. University of Notre Dame Press.
Hewson, P.W. (1985).
Epistemological commitment in the learning of science: Examples from dynamics. European Journal of Science Education, 7(2):163-172.
Hickman, A.K. and Larkin, J. (1990).
Internal analogy: A model of transfer within problems. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pages 53-60, Hillsdale, New Jersey. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Holman, J. (1975).
The use of abstract models in science today. School Science Review, 199:391.
Jackson, D.F. (1979).
Thinking about physics. Phys. Bull., 30:418.
Janvier, C., Baril, M. and Mary, C. (1993).
Contextualised reasoning in electrical technicians. In Proceedings of the NATO Workshop on Learning Electricity or Electronics with Advanced Educational Technology. Springer-Verlag.
Johansson, I. (1989).
Ontological investigations: an enquiry into the categories of nature, man and society. Routledge, London.
Johnson, P.E. (1964).
Associative meanings of concepts in physics. Journal of Educational Psychology, 55:84-88.
Johnson, P.E. (1965).
Word relatedness and problem solving in high school physics. Journal of Educational Psychology, 56:217-224.
Johnson, P.E. (1967).
Some psychological aspects of subject-matter instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 58:75-83.
Johnson, P.E. (1969).
On the communication of concepts in science. Journal of Educational Psychology, 60:32-40.
Johnstone, A.H. and Mughol, A.R. (1976).
Concepts of physics at secondary level. Physics Education, 11(11):466-469.
Johnstone, A.H. and Mughol, A.R. (1978).
The concept of electrical resistance. Physics Education, 13(1):46-49,.
Johsua, S. and Dupin, J-J. (1993).
Using ``Modelling Analogies'' to teach basic electricity: A critical analysis. In Proceedings of the NATO Workshop on Learning Electricity or Electronics with Advanced Educational Technology. Springer-Verlag.
Johsua, S. (1984).
Student's interpretation of simple electrical diagrams. European Journal of Science Education, 6(3):271-275.
Jones, R.M. (September 1986).
Mac Modeling. Macworld, pages 109-111.
Karnopp, D. and Rosenberg, R. (1975).
System Dynamics: A Unified Approach. John Wiley and Sons.
Karplus, R. (1981).
Educational aspects of the structure of physics. American Journal of Physics, 49:238-241.
Kass, H. (1971).
Structure in perceived relations among physics concepts. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 8:339-350.
Kempa, R.F. and Hodgeson, G.H. (1976).
Levels of concept acquisition and concept maturation in students in chemistry. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 46:253-260.
Kuh, E.S. and Pederson, D.O. (1959).
Principles of Circuit Synthesis. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Lal, S. (1987).
Two cheers for DMS. 3(3):176-180.
Larkin, J. and Reif, F. (1979).
Understanding and teaching problem solving in physics. European Journal of Science Education, 1(2):191-203.
Larkin, J. (1981).
Cognition of learning physics. American Journal of Physics, 49(6):534-541.
Larkin, J.H. (1982).
A general knowledge structure for learning or teaching science. C.I.P. 435, Carnegie-Mellon University.
Larkin, J.H. (1983).
The role of problem representation in physics. In Gentner, D. and Stevens, A., (eds.), Mental Models. Lawrence Erlbaum Press.
Larkin, J., McDermott, J., Simon, D.P. and Simon, H.A. (1980a).
Expert and novice performance in solving physics problems. Science, 208:1335-1342.
Larkin, J.H., McDermott, J., Simon, D.P. and Simon, H.A. (1980b).
Models of competence in solving physics problems. Cognitive Science, 4:317-349.
Law, N., Ogborn, J. and Whitelock, D. (1986).
Knowing what the student knows: A use of APES in science education. In Proceedings of First Annual Conference, PEG-86, pages 142-145. Prolog Education Group.
Lawson, A.E. and Renner, J. (1975).
Relationship of science subject matter and development levels of learners. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 12:347-358.
Lewis, J. (September 1986).
STELLA a model of its kind. Practical Computing, pages 66-67.
Licht, P. (1991).
Teaching electrical energy, voltage and current: An alternative approach. Physics Education, 26(5):272-77.
Linn, M.O. and Thier, H. (1975).
The effect of experimental science on development of logical thinking in children. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 12:49-62.
Lovell, K. (1974).
Intellectual growth and understanding science. Studies in Science Education, 1:1-19.
Macfarlane, A.G.J. (1970).
Dynamical System Models. Harrap.
Maloney, D.P. (1984).
Rule-based approaches to physics: Newton's third law. Physics Education, 19(1):37-42.
Martin, E. and Chicon, R. (1993).
Computer assisted learning of basic concepts in electricity and electromagnetic wave propagation. In Proceedings of the NATO Workshop on Learning Electricity or Electronics with Advanced Educational Technology. Springer-Verlag.
Maxwell, J.C. (1892).
Electricity and Magnetism. Oxford University Press.
McCorkindale, H.K. (1980).
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Meaden, G.T. (1966).
Electrical Resistance of Metals. Heyward Books, London.
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Induction and Intuition in Scientific Thought. Methuen, London.
Megalagaki, O. and Tiberghien, A. (1995).
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CIRCUITRON: An electric circuit game. In Megarry, J., (ed.), Aspects of Simulation and Gaming. Kogan Paul, London.
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The Structure of Science. Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Ogborn, J. and Wong, D. (1984).
A microcomputer dynamic modelling system. Physics Education, 19(3):138-142.
Ogborn, J. (1985).
Understanding students' understandings: An example from dynamics. European Journal of Science Education, 7(2):141-150.
Ogborn, J. (1987).
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``Real'' models and physical properties. Physics Education, 13:278-282.
Osborne, R.J. and Freyberg, P. (1985).
Learning in Science: The Implications of Children's Science. Heinemann.
Osborne, R.J. and Gilbert, J.K. (1979).
An approach to student understanding of basic concepts in science. Technical report, Institute of Educational Technology, University of Surrey.
Osborne, R.J. and Gilbert, J.K. (1980a).
A method for investigating concept understanding in science. European Journal of Science Education, 2(3):311-321.
Osborne, R.J. and Gilbert, J.K. (1980b).
A technique for exploring students' views of the world. Physics Education, 15(6):376-379.
Osborne, R.J. (1981).
Children's ideas about electric current. New Zealand Science Teacher, 29:12-19.
Osborne, R.J., Bell, B.F. and Gilbert, J.K. (1983).
Science teaching and children's views of the world. European Journal of Science Education, 5(1):1-14.
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Ohm's law and the definition of resistance. Physics Education, 15(4):237-239.
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Electromotive force, potential difference and voltage. American Journal of Physics, 45(10):978-980.
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Use of mechanical models in teaching theoretical concepts. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 5:138-150.
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Even honors students have conceptual difficulties with physics. American Journal of Physics, 50(6):501-508.
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Science students' conceptions: Themes and variations. In Mandl, H., de Corte, E., Bennett, N. and Friedrich, H.F., (eds.), Learning and Instruction: European Research in an International Context, volume 2.2, pages 567-587. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
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Analogy between Mechanics and Electricity. European Journal of Physics, 6(1):16-21.
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Associative structure of science concepts. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 46:174-183.
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A phenomenological studt of students' intuitive and conceptual understanding of certain electrical phenomena. Instructional Science, 22:189-205.
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Pupils' representations of electric current before, during and after instruction on DC circuits. Research in Science and Technological Education, 5(2):185-99.
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Voltage presented as a primary concept in an introductory teaching sequence on DC circuits. International Journal of Science Education, 10(1):29-43.
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Multiple causal modelling of electrical circuits for enhancing knowledge intelligibility. In Proceedings of the NATO Workshop on Learning Electricity or Electronics with Advanced Educational Technology. Springer-Verlag.
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The development of the concept of momentum in primary school children. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 5:216-223.
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The development of the concept of acceleration in elementary school children. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 9:201-206.
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A multivariate analysis of task dimensions related to science concept learning difficulties in primary school children. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 9(3):207-212.
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Some aspects of the correspondence between content structure and cognitive structure in physics instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 63:225-234.
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Zeitman, A.I. and Hewson, P.W. (1986).
Effect of instruction using microcomputer simulations and conceptual change strategies on science learning. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 23(1):27-39.
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