This is a bibliography accreted over years for many reasons. It is not and never will be complete.

Paul Brna
Computing Department
Lancaster

Learning Environments

Albers, G., Brand, H. and Cellerier, G. (1986).
A microworld for genetic Artificial Intelligence. In Proceedings of EWSL-86, pages 1-15. European Working Session on Learning.
Anderson, J.R. (1988).
The expert module. In Polson, M.C. and Richardson, J.J., (eds.), Foundations of Intelligent Tutoring Systems, chapter 2, pages 21-53. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Anderson, J.R., Boyle, C. and Yost, G. (1985).
The geometry tutor. In Joshi, A., (ed.), Proceedings of the Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pages 1-7, Los Altos, California. Morgan Kaufman.
Anderson, J.R., Farrell, R. and Sauers, R. (1986).
The automated tutoring of introductory computer programming. Communications of the ACM, 29(9):842-849.
Anderson, J.R., Corbett, A.T. and Reiser, B.J. (1987).
Essential LISP. Addison Wesley, Reading, Mass.
Anderson, J.R., Boyle, C.F., Corbett, A.T. and Lewis, M.W. (1990).
Cognitive modelling and intelligent tutoring. Artificial Intelligence, 42(1):7-49.
Bar-On, E. and Or-Bach, R. (1988).
Explanation-based learning in intelligent tutoring systems. In Ercoli, P. and Lewis, R., (eds.), Artificial Intelligence Tools in Education, pages 129-140. North Holland, Amsterdam.
Bergeron, A. and Paquette, G. (1991).
Discovery environments and intelligent learning tools. In Frasson, C. and Gauthier, G., (eds.), Intelligent Tutoring Systems: At the Crossroads of Artificial Intelligence and Education, chapter 2, pages 34-55. Ablex, Norwood, New Jersey.
Bertin, A., Buciol, F., Dondossola, G. and Lanza, C. (1991).
An ITS for high risk tasks training. In Proceedings of the Sixth International PEG Conference, pages 262-270, Rapallo (Genova), Italy.
Bonar, J. and Cunningham, R. (1986).
BRIDGE: An intelligent tutor for thinking about programming. Technical report, Learning Research and Development Center.
Bonar, J. and Cunningham, R. (1988).
BRIDGE: An intelligent tutor for thinking about programming. In Self, J., (ed.), Artificial Intelligence and Human Learning, chapter 24, pages 391-409. Chapman and Hall.
Bredeweg, B. and Winkels, R. (1991).
Teaching according to GARP. In Birnbaum, Lawrence, (ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on the Learning Sciences, pages 52-58. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.
Breuker, J. (1988).
Coaching in help systems. In Self, J., (ed.), Artificial Intelligence and Human Learning: Intelligent Computer Aided Instruction, chapter 20, pages 310-337. Chapman and Hall, London.
Breuker, J., (ed.). (1990).
EUROHELP: Developing Intelligent Help Systems, Kopenhagen. EC.
Breuker, J., Winkels, R. and Sandberg, J. (1987).
A shell for intelligent help systems. In McDermott, J., (ed.), Proceedings of the Tenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pages 167-173, Los Altos. Morgan Kaufmann.
Brna, P., Warr, K., Chiam, S-T. and Pain, H. (1993b).
Learning to diagnose algebra errors. In Conlon, T., (ed.), Proceedings of PEG'93. Moray House.
Brown, J.S., Burton, R., Miller, M., de Kleer, J., Purcell, S., Haussman, C. Bobrow, R.
(1975a). Steps toward a theoretical foundation for complex knowledge based CAI. Report 3135, BBN.
Brown, J.S., Burton, R.R. and Bell, A.G. (1975b).
SOPHIE: A step toward creating a reactive learning environment. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 7:675-696.
Brown, J.S., Collins, A. and Harris, G. (1978).
Artificial Intelligence and learning strategies. Learning Strategies, pages 107-139.
Brown, J.S., Burton, R.R. and de Kleer, J. (1982).
Pedagogic, natural language and knowledge engineering techniques in SOPHIE I,II and III. In Sleeman, D.H. and Brown, J.S., (eds.), Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pages 227-282. Academic Press, London.
Burton, R.R. and Brown, J.S. (1979).
An investigation of computer coaching for informal learning activities. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 11:5-24.
Burton, R.R. and Brown, J.S. (1982).
An investigation of computer coaching for informal learning activities. In Sleeman, D.H. and Brown, J.S., (eds.), Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pages 79-98. Academic Press, London.
Burton, R.R. (1988).
The environment module of intelligent tutoring systems. In Polson, M.C. and Richardson, J.J., (eds.), Foundations of Intelligent Tutoring Systems, chapter 5, pages 109-142. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Caillot, M., (1984). L'Intelligence Artificielle au service de la formation, Paper
presented at FORUM EAO 84.
Carbonnel, J.R. (1970).
AI in CAI: An artificial intelligence approach to computer-assisted instruction. IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems, 11(4):190-202.
Cawsey, A. (1987).
HASTE: Hierarchical Abstractions in a System to Teach Electronics. Discussion Paper 50, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Cawsey, A. (1989).
Explanatory dialogues. Interacting with Computers, 1(1):73-92.
Cerri, S.A., Fabbrizzi, M. and Marsili, G. (1983).
The rather intelligent little lisper. In Artificial Intelligence and Education. Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour.
Chiam, S-T. (1992).
BugPressTutor: A system for tutoring teachers in the skill of debugging a student's algebraic errors. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.
Chung, P.H.W. (1986b).
Teaching Computer Control Applications -A Programming Approach. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.
Chung, P.H.W. (1988).
Learning control applications through programming. In Terry, C. and Thomas, P., (eds.), Teaching & Learning with Robots. Croom Helm.
Clancey, W.J. and Buchanan, B. (1982).
Exploration of teaching and problem solving strategies, 1979-1982. Report STAN-CS-82-910, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University.
Clancey, W.J. (1982).
Tutoring rules for guiding a case method dialogue. In Sleeman, D.H. and Brown, J.S., (eds.), Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pages 205-221. Academic Press, London.
Clancey, W.J. (1986).
From GUIDON to NEOMYCIN and HERACLES in twenty short lessons: ORN final report 1979-1985. The AI Magazine, 7(3):40-61.
Clancey, W.J. (1987a).
Intelligent tutoring systems: A tutorial survey. Report STAN-CS-87-1174, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University.
Coller, L.D., Pizzini, Q.A., Wogulis, J., Munro, A. and Towne, D.M. (1991).
Direct manipulation authoring of instruction in a model-based graphical environment. In Birnbaum, Lawrence, (ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on the Learning Sciences, pages 92-99. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.
Collins, A. and Brown, J.S. (1982).
The Computer as a Tool for Learning through Reflection. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Collins, A. and Brown, J.S. (1988).
The computer as a tool for learning through reflection. In Mandl, H. and Lesgold, A., (eds.), Learning Issues for Intelligent Tutoring Systems, chapter 1, pages 1-18. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Collins, A. (1986).
Different goals of inquiry teaching. BBN Report No. 6458, Bolt Berenek and Newman.
Collins, A., Brown, J.S. and Newman, S.E. (1987).
Cognitive apprenticeship: Teachings the craft of reading, writing, and mathematics. In Resnick, L.B., (ed.), Cognition and Instruction: Issues and Agendas. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, N.J.
Corbett, A.T. and Anderson, J.R. (1992).
Knowledge tracing in the ACT programming tutor. In Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cumming, G. and Abbott, E. (1988a).
Making front-ends friendly: Designing PROLOG to fit children's minds. In Nichol, J., Briggs, J. and Dean, J., (eds.), PROLOG, Children and Students, chapter 16, pages 172-180. Kogan Page, London.
Cumming, G. and Abbott, E. (1988b).
PROLOG and expert systems for children's learning. In Ercoli, P. and Lewis, R., (eds.), Artificial Intelligence Tools in Education, pages 163-175. North Holland, Amsterdam.
Cumming, G. and Abbott, E. (1988c).
Prolog as a medium for learning in the classroom. In Lovis, F., (ed.), Proceedings of the IFIP TC 3 European Conference on Computers in Education - ECCE'88, pages 317-321. IFIP.
Delin, J., Pain, H., King, K. and Belcher, S. (1988).
Initial design of a writing environment for use by children with special educational needs. Research Paper 389, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh, Presented at the PICKET Education Conference (PEG'88), Copenhagen.
D.H., Sleeman. (1982).
Assessing aspects of confidence in basic algebra. In Sleeman, D.H. and Brown, J.S., (eds.), Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pages 185-199. Academic Press, London.
Dijkstra, S. (1st-4th July 1991).
Categorization of learning objectives to guide content and delivery planning. In Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Workshop on Instructional Models in Computer-Based Learning Environments, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
Dillenbourg, P. and Goodyear, P. (1989).
Towards reflective tutoring systems: Self representation and self improvement. In Bierman, D., Breuker, J. and Sandberg, J., (eds.), Artificial Intelligence: Synthesis and Reflection, pages 92-99, Amsterdam. IOS.
Dillenbourg, P. (ming).
The lift in the pyramid: A metaphor for designing education computing systems that develop metacognitive skills. In Winne, P. and Jones, M., (eds.), Foundations and Frontiers in Educational Computing Systems, Berlin. Springer-Verlag.
diSessa, A. and Abelson, H. (1986).
BOXER: A reconstructible computational medium. Communications of the ACM, 29(9):859-868.
diSessa, A. (1975).
ORBIT: A mini-environment for exploring orbital mechanics.
diSessa, A. (1980).
Computation as a physical and intellectual environment for learning physics. Computers and Education, 4:66-75.
du Boulay, J.B.H. and Howe, J.A.M. (1982).
Student teachers using computer based mathematics apparatus. Computers and Education, 6:93-98.
du Boulay, B and O'Shea, T. (March 1978).
Seeing the works: A strategy for teaching interactive programming. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Computing Skills and Adaptive Systems, Liverpool. also available from Edinburgh as working paper no. 28.
du Boulay, J.B.H. and O'Shea, T. (1979).
Teaching teachers mathematics through programming. Research Paper 113, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
du Boulay, J.B.H. and O'Shea, T. (1980).
Teaching novices programming. Research Paper 132, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
du Boulay, J.B.H., O'Shea, T. and Monk, J. (1980).
The black box inside the glass box: Presenting computing concepts to novices. Research Paper 133, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
du Boulay, J.B.H., O'Shea, T. and Monk, J. (1981).
The black box inside the glass box: Presenting computing concepts to novices. International Journal of Man Machine Studies, 14:237-249.
Dwyer, T.A. (1974).
Heuristic strategies for using computers to enrich education. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 6:137-154.
Elsom-Cook, M. (1990).
Analysis of a tutorial dialogue. In Elsom-Cook, M., (ed.), Guided Discovery Tutoring: A Framework for ICAI Research, chapter 7, pages 113-131. Paul Chapman Publishing, London.
Feurzig, W., Papert, S., Bloom, M., Grant, R. and Soloman, C. (1969).
Programming languages as a conceptual framework for teaching mathematics. Report 1889, BBN, Cambridge.
Finlayson, H. (1986).
Logo, Mathematics and Upper Primary School Children. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Fogel, E. (1988).
Teaching prolog using intelligent computer-assisted instruction and a graphical trace. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia.
Foss, C.L. (1987a).
Learning from errors in AlgebraLand. IRL Tech. Report 3, Institute for Research on Learning, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.
Foss, C.L. (1987b).
Productive thrashing in computerized tutoring systems: The acquisition of error management skills. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education, University of Pittsburgh.
Frederiksen, J.R. and White, B.Y. (ite, ).
Implicit testing within an intelligent tutoring system. Machine Mediated Learning, ??(??):??
Frederiksen, J.R. and White, B.Y. (1988a).
Intelligent learning environments for science education. In Gauthier, G. and Frasson, C., (eds.), Proceedings of Intelligent Tutoring Systems-88, pages 250-257. University of Montreal.
Frederiksen, J.R. and White, B.Y. (April 1988).
Restoring lost apprenticeships: An approach based upon intelligent tutoring. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association in New Orleans.
Gable, A. and Page, C.V. (1980).
The use of Artificial Intelligence techniques in computer-assisted instruction: an overview. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 12:259-282.
Genesereth, M.R. (1982).
The role of plans in intelligent tutoring systems. In Sleeman, D.H. and Brown, J.S., (eds.), Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Academic Press, London.
Glaser, R., Raghavan, K. and Schauble, L. (1988).
VOLTAVILLE, a discovery environment to explore the laws of DC circuits. In Gauthier, G. and Frasson, C., (eds.), Proceedings of Intelligent Tutoring Systems-88, pages 61-67. University of Montreal.
Goldberg, A. (1979).
Educational uses of a Dynabook. Computing and Education, 3:247-266.
Good, J. (1993).
PUBS: Exploiting conceptual conflict in learning prolog unification. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.
Good, J., Brna, P. and Pain, H. (1994).
Prolog unification: Diverse teaching strategies for novices. Collected Papers of the 6th Workshop of the Psychology of Programming Interest Group, Milton Keynes.
Goodyear, P. (1987).
Approaches to the empirical derivation of teaching knowledge for intelligent tutoring systems. Paper presented at the European Seminar on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Tuebingen, Germany.
Goodyear, P., (ed.). (1991).
Teaching Knowledge and Intelligent Tutoring, Norwood, New Jersey. Ablex.
Gould, L. and Finzer, W. (1982).
A study of TRIP: a computer system for animating time-rate-distance problems. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 17:109-126.
Harel, I. and Papert, S. (1990).
Software design as a learning environment. Interactive Learning Environments, 1(1):1-32.
Harris, M. (1990).
Deciding what to remediate in an Intelligent Tutoring System: a practical approach. Technical Report 160, Department of Computer Science, University of Queensland.
Hatano, G. and Suzuki, H. (1992).
Transferring children's informal knowledge to classroom problem solving situation by creating pragmatic context. Paper to be presented at the International Conference of Psychology, Brussels.
Hernandez, E.R. (1992).
A training aid for debugging prolog. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.
Hollan, J.D., Hutchins, E.L. and Weitzman, L. (1984).
STEAMER: An interactive inspectable simulation-based training system. The AI Magazine, 5.
Horwitz, P. and White, B., (1985). The Thinkertools project.
BBN Laboratories.
Howe, J.A.M. and du Boulay, B. (1979a).
Microprocessor assisted learning: Turning the clock back? Programmed Learning in Educational Technology, 16(3):240-246.
Howe, J.A.M. and du Boulay, B. (1979b).
Teaching mathematics through LOGO programming: An evaluation study. Research Paper 115, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Howe, J.A.M. (1978).
Artificial Intelligence and Computer Assisted Learning: Ten years on. Programmed Learning in Educational Technology, 15(2).
Howe, J.A.M. (1979).
Learning through model building. In Michie, D., (ed.), Expert Systems in the Micro Electronic Age. Edinburgh University Press.
Howe, J.A.M. (1980).
Learning engineering science in school by computer. Working Paper 65, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Howe, J.A.M. (1981).
Learning engineering science in school by computer. Working Paper 99, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Howe, J.A.M. (1983).
Learning engineering science in school by computer. Technical report, University of Edinburgh, Final Report to the Social Science Research Council and the Scottish Education Department.
Howe, J.A.M., Ross, P.M., Johnson, K.R., Plane, F. and Inglis, R. (1982).
Teaching mathematics through programming in the classroom. Computers in Education, 6:85-91.
Johnson, W.L. and Soloway, E. (1985).
PROUST: Knowledge-based program understanding. IEEE Transactions of Software Engineering, SE-11(3):267-275.
Kaplan, R.M. and Trenholm, H. (August 1993).
A practical and generalizable architecture for building intelligent tutoring systems. Presented at the World Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, Edinburgh.
Kearsley, G., (ed.). (1987).
Artificial Intelligence and Instruction: Applications and Methods. Addison-Wesley.
Kelly, A.E., Sleeman, D., Ward, R.D. and Martinak, R. (1987).
TPIXIE: a computer program to teach diagnosis of algebra errors. Technical Report AUCS/TR8710, Aberdeen Department of Computing Science, University of Aberdeen.
Kliman, M. (1984).
Programming icons. Research Paper 229, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
Kliman, M. (1985).
Programming icons and creating mathematical games. In Duncan and Harris, (eds.), Proceedings of the World Conference on Computers in Education (WCCE/85). North-Holland. Also available as DAI Research Paper no. 268.
Kliman, M. (1987a).
Breaking the law: Competing perspectives in children's thinking about the balance scale. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, MIT.
Kliman, M. (1987b).
Children's learning about the balance scale. Instructional Science, 15:307-340.
Lees, B. (1984).
An interactive modelling system to assist the teaching of computer architecture. Computing and Education, 8(4):419-426.
Lefrere, P., Thyer, A. and Harris, J. (1985).
Newlogo: A programming language for simulating newtonian motion and improving children's understanding of inertia. In Lijnse, P., (ed.), The Many Faces of Teaching and Learning Mechanics. Groupe International de Recherche sur l'Enseignement de la Physique. Proceedings of a Conference on Physics Education.
Legold, A., Ivill-Frill, J. and Bonar, J. (1989).
Toward intelligent systems for testing. In Resnick, L.B., (ed.), Knowing, Learning and Instruction: Essays in Honor of Robert Glaser. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, N.J.
Lesgold, A. (1993).
An object-based situational approach to task analysis. In Proceedings of the NATO Workshop on Learning Electricity or Electronics with Advanced Educational Technology. Springer-Verlag.
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Training students to represent arithmetic word problems. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(4):521-531.
Littman, D. and Soloway, E. (1988).
Evaluating ITSs: The cognitive science perspective. In Polson, M.C. and Richardson, J.J., (eds.), Foundations of Intelligent Tutoring Systems, chapter 8, pages 209-242. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey.
Loureiro, M.J. (1993).
Label: An intelligent learning environment (ile) for electric circuits. In Proceedings of the NATO Workshop on Learning Electricity or Electronics with Advanced Educational Technology. Springer-Verlag.
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A new approach for introducing Prolog to naive users. In Shapiro, E., (ed.), Third International Conference on Logic Programming, pages 544-551, Berlin. Springer-Verlag.
Malone, T.W. (1982).
Heuristics for designing enjoyable interfaces: Lessons from computer games. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems, pages 63-68. Association for Computing Machinery.
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Intelligent advising in problem solving domains: The SCENT-3 architecture. In Gauthier, G. and Frasson, C, (eds.), Proceedings of ITS-88, pages 124-131. University of Montreal.
McCalla, G., Bunt, R.B. and Harms, J.J. (1986).
The design of the SCENT automated advisor. Computational Intelligence, 2(2):76-92.
Midoro, V., Persico, D. and Sarti, L. (1987).
Prolog for problem solving.
Midoro, V., Persico, D. and Sarti, L. (1988).
PROLOG for problem solving. In Ercoli, P. and Lewis, R., (eds.), Artificial Intelligence Tools in Education, pages 145-161. North Holland, Amsterdam.
Miller, M.L. (1982b).
A structured planning and debugging environment for elementary programming. In Sleeman, D.H. and Brown, J.S., (eds.), Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pages 119-136. Academic Press, London.
Miller, R.S., Brough, D.R. and Briggs, J.H. (1991).
Declarative software tools for learners. In Proceedings of the Sixth International PEG Conference, pages 177-184, Rapallo (Genova), Italy.
Mizoguchi, R., Ikeda, M. and Kakusho, O. (1988).
An innovative framework for intelligent tutoring systems. In Ercoli, P. and Lewis, R., (eds.), Artificial Intelligence Tools in Education, pages 105-120. North Holland, Amsterdam.
Moore, J.L. and Sleeman, D. (1987).
Enhancing PIXIE's tutoring capabilities. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 28(6):605-623. Also Technical Report AUCS/TR8709 Department of Computing Science, University of Aberdeen.
Moyse, R. (1991).
Multiple Viewpoints for Tutoring Systems. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Institute of Educational Technology, The Open University.
Moyse, R. (1992).
A structure and design method for multiple viewpoints. Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 3(2):207-233.
Murray, T., Schultz, K., Brown, D. and Clement, J. (1990).
An analogy-based computer tutor for remediating physics misconceptions. Interactive Learning Environments, 1(2):79-101.
Nichol, J., Briggs, J. and Dean, J., (eds.). (1988).
PROLOG, Children and Students. Fifth Generation Computing in Education. Kogan Page, London.
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Diagnosis can help in intelligent tutoring. In Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
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Magnets, martians and microworlds: Learning with and learning by OOPS. In Bierman, D., Breuker, J. and Sandberg, J., (eds.), Artificial Intelligence and Education: Reflection and Synthesis, pages 193-194, Amsterdam. IOS. A paper presented at the 4th International Conference on AI and Education.
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A Computer Tool for Use by Children with Learning Difficulties in Spelling. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.
Papert, S. (1971).
A computer laboratory for elementary schools. AI Memo 246, MIT.
Papert, S. (1980).
Mindstorms: Children, Computers, Powerful Ideas. Harvester Press.
Papert, S., Watt, D., diSessa, A. and Weir, S. (1979).
Brookline LOGO project. part 2. project summary and data analysis. AI memo 545, MIT.
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Evaluation as illumination: A new approach to the study of innovatory programs. Occasional Paper 9, Centre for Research in the Educational Sciences, University of Edinburgh.
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Entailment meshes as representations of knowledge and learning. In Howe, J.A.M. and Ross, P.M., (eds.), Microcomputers in Secondary Education: Issues and Techniques. Kogan Page, London.
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CASTE: A system for exhibiting learning strategies and regulating uncertainties. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 5:17-52.
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Conversational techniques in the study and practice of education. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 46:12-25.
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The role of learning from examples in the acquisition of recursive programming skills. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 39(2):240-272.
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Learning qualitative and quantitative reasoning in a microworld for elastic impacts. Research Report 59, Psychological Institute, University of Freiburg, To be published in the European Journal of Psychology of Education.
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Foundations of Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey.
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Pedagogical strategies for human and computer tutoring. CSL Report 38, Cognitive Science Laboratory, Princeton University.
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Scaffolding learning to program with a reasoning-congruent learning environment and model tracing guidance. Paper presented at the workshop on Graphical Representations, Reasoning and Communication. Edinburgh.
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Dynamic student modelling in an intelligent tutor for lisp programming. In Joshi, A., (ed.), Proceedings of IJCAI-85, pages 8-14, Los Altos. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufman.
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Knowledge representation and explanation in GIL, an Intelligent Tutor for programming. CSL Report 37, Cognitive Science Laboratory, Princeton University.
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Facilitating student's reasoning with causal explanations and visual representations. In Bierman, D., Breuker, J. and Sandberg, J., (eds.), Artificial Intelligence: Synthesis and Reflection, pages 228-235, Amsterdam. IOS.
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Teaching Prolog to undergraduates. AISB Quarterly, (45).
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Some thoughts on the design of an intelligent teaching system for Prolog. AISB Quarterly, Summer(62).
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Sawar, M.J. (1988).
Atlas: Intelligent tutoring system for algebra. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.
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Instructionless learning about a complex device: the paradigm and observations. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 25:153-189.
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Microcomputers in Education. Harvester Press, Brighton.
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Artificial Intelligence and Human Learning: Intelligent Computer Aided Instruction. Chapman and Hall.
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A computer based language workshop. Research Paper 135, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
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A large-scale evaluation of an intelligent discovery world: Smithtown. Interactive Learning Environments, 1(1):51-77.
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Sleeman, D.H. and Brown, J.S., (eds.). (1982).
Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Academic Press, London.
Sleeman, D. (1984a).
An attempt to understand student's understanding of basic algebra. Cognitive Science, 8(4):387-412.
Sleeman, D. (1984b).
Mis-generalization: An explanation of observed mal-rules. In Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference, pages 51-56. Cognitive Science Society.
Sleeman, D. (1987).
PIXIE: A shell for developing intelligent tutoring systems. In Lawler, R. W. and Yazdani, M., (eds.), Artificial Intelligence and Education: Volume One, chapter 12, pages 239-265. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
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